Catabolite Repression and Induction of Beta-galactosidase Synthesis Lab Report

Catabolite Repression and Induction of Beta-galactosidase Synthesis - Lab Report Example Apart from induction, synthesis rate is determined by catabolite repression, whereby it slows down the synthesis of beta-galactosidase especially in the presence of a better carbon (and energy) source, such as glucose. In this experiment, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is used as the bacteria to induce synthesis of enzyme ÃŽ ²-galactosidase. The results support lactose metabolism by newly synthesised beta-galactosidase and also, quantitatively, IPTG is a more effective inducer of beta-galactosidase synthesis than lactose. In order to regulate the gene expression levels in a cell, there are certain mechanisms that must be considered in operation. In which case, the regulation is considered at transcription and translation levels or the stability of messenger RNA. The aforementioned can only work in regulation based on the synthesis of a particular protein. Consequently, it comes out as a subject of importance to investigate the regulation of transcription of bacterial genes. For this case, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is used as the bacteria to induce synthesis of enzyme ÃŽ ²-galactosidase. Escherichia coli (E. coli) can produce the enzyme ÃŽ ²-galactosidase which breaks lactose into galactose and glucose. Synthesis of the enzyme beta-galactosidase is induced in wild-type E. coli strains in response to the presence of lactose, the enzymes natural substrate (Ring, 1999, 80). The inducer, lactose, is usually the molecule broken down by the enzyme system. Worth noting is the ability of E.coli to solely use lactose as a carbon source regardless of the presence of glucose. A more stable inducer that lactose, IPTG (Isopropyl ÃŽ ²-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside) helps in inducing expression of the enzyme without being metabolized in the process. Apart from induction, synthesis of ÃŽ ²-galactosidase is also influenced by catabolite repression. The process involves slow down of the synthesis process, facilitated by lactose, especially when a presence of glucose is detected. Intuitively, glucose acts as a better energy and carbon source than lactose (Wallenfels, 1972, 67). When given both sugars, E.coli will not synthesize beta-galactosidase until all of the glucose is first exhausted from the medium.

MoD 3 Case Assign Promotion; Advertising, Selling Essay

MoD 3 Case Assign Promotion; Advertising, Selling - Essay Example ondly, old navy company has targeted this population since it is one of the underutilized potential of the male population since for a long time people have assumed that male population does not like shopping. However, this is fallacious since the only different thing about shopping for the male population is that they have different shopping habits than those for women. These facts on male usage of mobile phones were corroborated by research that was conducted in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and UK which found out that for every female that accessed mobile banking, there were twice as much men who accessed the service; this proved that mobile usage among men was higher compared to that of women. Studies carried out to determine the effectiveness of gender based ads in relation the gender-neutral ones showed that the gender specific adverts were likely to generate more traffic compared to the gender-neutral ones therefore, targeting the adverts towards men would likely bring more traffic to the sites that hosted the adverts online. In addition, it has been found out adverts that are specifically targeted towards men generate up to five times more revenue than the gender neutral ones. Ads that are targeted toward men found out the likelihood of men returning back to the site to make purchases were more compared to those targeting women or the gender neutral ones (Behind the campaign: Old Navy goes after men in new ad push, 2011). Since the promotion was to be in form of mobile content and in online sites such as YouTube and Facebook, the choice of this generation, which is also referred to as the millennials is perfect due to their comfort in using technology (Digital marketing works better for Millennials than TV, 2012; Zeng, Huang & Dou, 2009). In addition, this generation has been used to on demand entertainment and continual stimulation making it perfect for online ads. Due to the demands of this generation, televisions ads would not be effective as they only